Modularity, Functions & Procedures

Modularity

What is modularity?

• Modularityis a concept where problems are broken down into more manageable pieces 
• Each piece of the problem should be carried out by one single subroutine
• Subroutines, also known as **modules **are standalone blocks of code and when called they will complete a task
• They promote code reusability, modularity, and organisation, enabling a programmer to write efficient and maintainable programs
• Functions and procedures are examples of subroutines and they are both very similar in nature

Difference between functions and procedures

• Functions will return a value. For example if a function completes a calculation, then the result of the calculation will be returned to the part of the programming code that called the function
• Procedures can also be called to complete a task, however, they** do not return a value **back to the part of the programming code that called the procedure
• Both functions and procedures may need a parameter. These are pieces of data which are passed into the function or **procedure **to allow it to complete its task 

Considerations and best practices

• Naming: Choose descriptive and meaningful names for your functions and procedures that indicate their purpose
• Parameter names: Use clear and meaningful parameter names to improve code readability
• Focus: Aim for functions and procedures that are short and focused so they they complete a specific task
• Return values: Functions should have explicit return statements with meaningful return values, while procedures should not have return statements

Functions

• The syntax for defining a function is as follows:

function functionName(parameter1, parameter2)
  // Code block to perform the task
  // Return value;
endfunction

Pseudocode example

• In the example below two numbers are passed as parameters (a and b) into the function which adds them together and returns the result.

Function example in pseudocode

Python example

def add_numbers(a, b):
    return a + b
c = add_numbers(5, 10)
print(c)

Java example

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int c = addNumbers(5, 10);
        System.out.println(c);
    }
    public static int addNumbers(int a, int b) {
        return a + b;
    }
}

Procedures

• A procedure is similar to a function but does not return a value. Instead, it performs a series of actions or operations which could be anything the programmer wants the procedure to execute
• A procedure is essentially a function without a return statement or with a return statement that has no value to return
• The syntax is the same as for functions:

procedure procedureName(parameter1, parameter2)
  // Code block to perform actions
  // No return statement or return with no value;
endprocedure

Pseudocode example

• In the example below two numbers are passed as parameters (a and b) into the procedure which adds them together and prints the result
• As this is a procedure, the result cannot be returned. 

procedure addNumbers (a,b)
  total = a + b
  print (total) // The total is printed rather than returned
endprocedure

c = addNumbers(5,10)
print (c)